Abstract

This research explores the intricate relationships between sanitation infrastructure, groundwater quality, and human health outcomes in the peri-urban areas of Gwazunu and Suleja, Suleja Local Government Area, Niger State. It focuses on developing evidence-based strategies to mitigate waterborne disease risks. By employing a mixed-methods approach, combining cross-sectional surveys of 200 households and water quality analysis of 10 sources, the study reveals alarming correlations between inadequate sanitation infrastructure and groundwater contamination. Notably, 75% of water sources exceed World Health Organization guidelines for E. coli, with 94.5% of samples containing over 100 CFU/100mL, indicating severe contamination. This has devastating consequences, as 63% of households reported typhoid fever episodes over the past three months. Further analysis highlights the critical role of sanitation infrastructure conditions and population density in influencing groundwater quality. Investing in improved sanitation infrastructure can significantly mitigate the risk of cholera and typhoid fever, reducing it by 35%. To address these concerns, this study recommends upgrading sanitation infrastructure, implementing decentralized wastewater treatment, and promoting community-led total sanitation initiatives. Integrating water safety planning and transition management frameworks can also protect groundwater quality and public health in peri-urban areas. This research contributes to sustainable solutions for safeguarding groundwater quality and public health, emphasizing evidence-based strategies to mitigate waterborne disease risks. The study's findings have significant implications for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers tackling peri-urban water management and public health challenges.