The toothpaste market is a highly competitive platform where various competitors are trying their best to grab the market share. Therefore Brand Equity is something every marketer in the Toothpaste market is trying to enhance. Brand Equity can be affected by many aspects in the industry, in this research it has been measured how the Country of Origin impacts on the Brand Equity. A variety of literature was gathered in order to identify the specific sub components of Brand Equity. As this is a pioneering study on this subject the conceptual framework employed has been specially developed for the purpose of this study, and has been devised based on several empirical studies. The primary data was gathered using a well-structured questionnaire. The sample comprised of 150 respondents from the Jaffna customers. The data analysis was carried out using SPSS 20. The findings concluded that there is a positive association between Country of Origin and Brand Equity of Toothpaste purchasing In Sri Lankan Market. Apart from that it was found out that there was no influence of the Gender for the Country of Origin effects on toothpaste brands. Nevertheless, there was an influence on the Brand Equity by the Gender of the toothpaste users.

Purpose- in this paper, an effort has been made to establish the causal relationship amongst energy consumption, net fixed capital stocks and economic growth measured in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in India. Further attempt has been made to fix the direction of causality by taking into account the disaggregated energy consumption such as petroleum, coal, electricity and gas consumption.

Design/ methodology/ approach- the methodology is based on the Engle-Granger method of co-integration and Johanson-Juselius multivariate method and uses a time series data of disaggregated energy consumption, net fixed capital stocks and GDP over the period 1970-2002. Since no co-integration was found amongst the concerned variables, Standard Granger method is used to find out the causality between energy consumption and economic growth as well as energy consumption and net fixed capital stocks.

Findings- the empirical results infer that there is bi-directional causality between energy consumption and economic growth and unidirectional causality running from energy consumption to net fixed capital stocks. The research concluded that since India is a net energy importer, especially petroleum, it has to pay a high oil import bill every year. Therefore, using oil more efficiently and/or substituting petroleum and gas by coal and electricity wherever possible could be a good policy measure. Perhaps, an energy conservation policy regarding petroleum and natural gas consumption would not lead to any adverse side effects on economic growth in India.

Inter-clan conflicts are widely spread in the world Africa leading in such cases. Conflict management and peace building in Kenya continues to face challenges in the current national and regional environments. Clans in Mumias East Sub-County have been in conflict from time immemorial. Strategic coordination amongst key actors has been seemingly lacking in conflict management and peace building. The general objective of the study was to examine inter-clan conflicts influence on socio-economic development in Mumias East Sub-County, Kenya. The Objective of this study was to examine the nature and extent of inter-clan conflicts in Mumias East Sub-County, Kenya. Theories employed were; Intergroup Contact theory and linear stages of growth theory. The study employed descriptive, Evaluation, Historical, Ranking and cross sectional research designs. The study population comprised Assistant-Chiefs, Clan Chairpersons, MCAs, Ward Administrators, CBOs, Religious Leaders, deputy County commissioners, Assistant County Commissioners, Sub-County Administrator, Police, Probation Officer, Village Elders, Chiefs and Households Heads totaling to 475 respondents. Primary Data collection was done using Questionnaires, Interviews schedules, Observations checklists, and focus Group Discussion (FGD) guides. Secondary sources included relevant documents and reports. Qualitative data was   analyzed using thematic narratives. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel to obtain measures of central tendency, Ranking was done and Charts were used to present data.  Results indicate that majority of the respondents 47% agreed that conflicts occur very often in Mumias East Sub-County. The study sought to establish the extent of inter-clan conflicts in relation to gender, age, occupation, Marital status level of education,  per location and in shopping centres. The types of conflicts addressed are; leadership wrangles, land ownership, land boundaries, political competion and resource distribution. The study established that (48.7%) strongly agree that inter-clan conflicts disrupt learning in Mumias East Sub-County. For the effects on property, (49.9%) strongly agreed that residents of Mumias East lost property during conflicts. Majority of the respondents (78%) agree that a number of development projects in the study area stalled due to inter-clan conflicts.

Indonesia is known as an agricultural country where most people work as farmers, both as primary or part time jobs. Most of those who make farming as their main job are people who live in rural areas and one of them is the Muna community in Barangka District, Southeast Sulawesi. For the Muna in Barangka Subdistrict, farming is not only exploring or manipulating nature but more like their lives, their safety, especially when it comes to corn farming. Related to this rescue, farming corn becomes a tradition of the Muna community in Barangka Subdistrict which has its own ritual called the Kahitela defembula. For centuries, corn has become the staple food of the Muna people. Maintaining corn for the Muna community means maintaining their traditions. Thus, the ritual of cahitela defembula not only functions for the success of the corn harvest, but also their safety in real life. This ritual is led by a person known as special knowledge. This figure is called parika, whose role is to regulate each stage in the ritual of the Kahitela defembula and ensure the safety of the corn plantation owner and all members of his family. This paper aims to answer the question of what ideologies lie in the ritual of the cahitella defembula which was maintained by the people of Muna in Barangka District for centuries. This paper applies field observations to meet with Parika and corn garden owners directly to collect key data to explore the ideology behind the practice of the cahitela defembula in Barangka District

This study examined change management and organizational performance in manufacturing companies in Anambra state, Nigeria. Relevant conceptual, theoretical and empirical literatures were reviewed. This study was anchored on organizational change and Lewin`s Three Step Model . Descriptive survey design was adopted, and primary data was employed. The population for the study was 286 employees working at the selected manufacturing companies in Anambra State. The entire population was used as the sample size for this study.The major instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire.  Content Validity was adopted, and the test-retest method was used to test reliability of the research instrument. The study found that technological changes have a positive significant effect on organizational performance in manufacturing companies. Change management strategies have a positive significant effect on organizational performance in manufacturing companies in Anambra state. Leadership changes have a positive significant influence on organizational performance in manufacturing companies in Anambra state. The study concluded that change management has a positive significant effect on organizational performance in manufacturing companies in Anambra state. The study recommends that technology change had influenced employee performance since it simplifies the work to be done,thereby making work more efficient. Organizations which implement new technology should provide proper training to their employees to increase their performance. Every organization should build strong organizational management strategies that help to build good relationships based on their values, norms, behaviours, and perceptions.Leadership changes leaders’ mind-set, style, and behavior.The change process they design as a result of their orientation must encourage employees to want to participate, to choose to contribute, rather than force them to do so.