The Socio-Economic Implications of Oil and Gas Production to Local Communities in Bentiu Unity State, South Sudan

Abstract

Oil and gas production are critical to economic growth. In Bentiu, Unity State, South Sudan, the production of oil and gas resources could enhance economic transformation, including job creation, infrastructure development and improved access to services such as healthcare and education. However, alongside these benefits, the industry has introduced challenges, including the displacement of traditional livelihoods, increased socio-economic inequalities, and community tensions over resource allocation and environmental degradation. The findings of this study  are based on analysis  done  on data collected through household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics specifically means, percentages, frequency distributions, and inferential statistical tests such specifically  paired t-tests and chi-square tests. Qualitative data was  subjected to thematic analysis to capture community perceptions and contextualize the quantitative findings. This mixed-methods  research design  was used  and this ensured a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic impacts and provided insights into policy and practical interventions needed to promote sustainable and equitable development. The findings highlight the dual-edged nature of oil and gas production in Bentiu Unity State. Household income levels showed a modest increase, with a mean rise of 300.20 units (SD = 112.48) after oil and gas production. However, displacement from traditional livelihoods recorded a high mean score of 4.10 (SD = 0.89), indicating significant disruptions. Employment opportunities moderately improved (mean = 3.25, SD = 1.08), but disparities persisted, particularly in skilled job access (mean = 3.04, SD = 1.47) and gender equity (mean = 2.94, SD = 1.29). Access to essential services such as healthcare (mean = 2.88, SD = 0.84) and education (mean = 2.82, SD = 0.85) indicated uneven distribution of socio-economic benefits. The study recommends, strengthening regulations to ensure equitable resource distribution, promote transparency in land compensation and resource allocation processes, increase corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives focusing on infrastructure development and local employment, establish advocacy groups to represent community interests in oil and gas production negotiations and engage in capacity-building initiatives to improve socio-economic resilience.