Abstract

The  current study is focused on the imperative politeness used by Pagaralamnese.The objective of this study was to find out  the categories of imperative politeness in Pagaralamnese  and its cultural translation into  English. The method  usedwas  a qualitative ethnography of communication and  the instruments utilyzed  were wdct( written discourse completion task) and  an  interview. There  were five respondents of Pagaralamnese. The interactive model was used in analyzing the data. The findings showed that there were six types of taboo words in Pagaralamnesenamely imperative politeness of warning, request, order, prohibition, suggestion., expectation.This article deals with discourses of imperative politeness found in various places in Indonesia. By using data collected from five respondents from Pagaralam city with socio pragmatic approach.  Thoughsomereseachers claim that politenese expressions  were translated in a certain lexicon withouth  context ,  the fact that politeness expressions should be translated in a context or  in a pragmatic way. In addition, it is strongly recommended to translate politeness expressions in a cultural context

Introduction

In the era of pandemic of covid 19 and industrial 4.0 era, a human being is not possible to develop without the ability to communicate. All people are necessary to convey ideas in oral and written form. In this era of communication progress, the role of American English as a universal language becomes necessary. So, comprehending English as a universal language becomes indispensable to meet global needs.Anyone uses different language variations to communicate. Language and communication is related to language variation. One of the variations of language today taboo and euphemism words.Concerning the previous studies, Pour SanatyBehnaz (2014) claimed that culture place more emphasis on the use of euphemism and politeness expression while a translator transfer from one language into another.Besides, Yuliana. Dozaria (2013), Febrianuswantoro .Yasa (2015) and Roni .Rusman (2017) stated that there were 12 types of euphemisms found in their research. More specifically, Yulianan found those types in the Movie Law Abiding Citizen by Rupet Ames Clarance Darby, Nick Rice, and Clyde Shelton. There were many studies dealt with kinds and categories in the film however, only a little attention was focused on imperative politeness pragmatic.

Positive Face

Based on Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 13), positive face is "the desire (in some respects) to be approved of." In this regard, Peccei (1999, p. 64) holds that positive face refers to the human's need to be confirmed and liked by other people in the society. It also refers to a person's need to feel that his social group shares common aims. Brown and Attardo (2005, p. 83) define a positive face in this way: It "is building someone's ego, the desire to be liked." As an illustration, they say compliments and showing respect are some aspects of this type of face since people wish to be liked and feel important (p. 83).

Negative Face

As explained by Brown and Levinson (1978, p. 13), a negative face is "the desire to be unimpeded in one's actions." Brown and Attardo (2005, p. 83) also state: "negative face is the desire to be left alone, not to be imposed upon, and to be able to act as we please." In their opinion, apologies and deference are aspects of negative face.One question raises here: What is the relationship between face-work and politeness theories? To answer this, Brown and Levinson (as cited in Brown and Attardo, 2005, p. 83) declare that face is part of a theory named politeness. In this regard, they mention that "to a large extent politeness can be seen as a tool to save face, both for the speaker and the hearer." Yule (1996, p. 134) also claims that "in the study of linguistic politeness, the most relevant concept is facing" and "politeness is showing awareness of another person's face."Fasold (1990, p. p. 161) believes whatever communicators do to maintain their and others' positive and negative face will add to politeness.

Face-Threatening Acts

Any kind of threats to both positive and negative face of both speaker and hearer are called Face-Threatening Acts (FTAs). The degree of these FTAs is not similar; some of them can be serious FTAs and some can be mild. Factors such as intimacy or power can determine the seriousness of the FTAs.

Politeness

Politeness or face-saving theory is developed by Brown and Levinson. In fact, they extend Goffman's face theory. As discussed by Mills (2003, p. 6), politeness is the speaker's intention to reduce the face threats of the FTAs toward another. Minimizing the hearer's negative face and maximizing their positive face are the main considerations of politeness.Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 1) hold that politeness has a socially basic role: It can control potential conflicts among the communicators. They claim that their theory is a universal feature of all languages. However, the politeness of an utterance is evaluated by norms and values which are culture-bound and vary from culture to culture, that is, which actions threats "face" or which politeness strategy is taken in what context will differ across different cultures.Generally speaking, it is strongly recommended that people be polite in their communication with those whom they do not know very well so that the people feel accepted and valued as a member of a social group.Meyerhoff (2006, p. 84) contends that the politeness theory provides a criterion for distinguishing similarities and differences between cultures in the way of using politeness in the society.Brown and Levinson distinguish two kinds of politeness: positive and negative.

Positive Politeness

Positive politeness serves to keep the positive face of others. Peccei (1999, p. 64) states that "When we use positive politeness, we use speech strategies that emphasize our solidarity with the hearer, such as informal pronunciation, shared dialect or slang expressions, nicknames, more frequent reference to speaker and hearer as we, and requests which are less indirect."In short, positive politeness wishes to preserve people's self-image as confirmed and liked member of the society (p. 66). Some examples of positive face are offering, avoiding disagreement, paying attention to the hearer's needs.

Negative Politeness

Negative politeness is to keep people's negative face. In the case of using negative politeness, those speech strategies will be used that stress the speaker's deference to the hearer.

According to Peccei (1999, pp. 64-5), the use of the following strategies will lead to preserving the negative face of other people: (a) avoidance of nicknames, slang, and informal pronunciation, (b) using more indirect and impersonal request such as could you... or could I ask you to..., (c) referring to the hearer in the third person instead of second person (e.g. Students are asked not to put their essays in the staff room.), and (d) More frequent use of mitigating devices, which are used to lessen the blow, such as please, possibly, I'm sorry but... .

Methodology

The study uses a qualitative method with pragmatic discourse analysis techniques consisting of the form of Pagaralamnese expressions. The review used in this study is an interactional sociolinguistic review proposed by Gumperz (2002), while the contrastive analysis method used is the method proposed by Mahsun (2005), namely the extra lingual equivalent method. Theextralingual equivalent method is one method of analyzing languages synchronously.Sources of research data are qualitative data sources from examples of American and Sekayunese words and sentences. Examples are taken from informants and respondents.Techniques of data collection in this study is using documentation studies with note takingtechniques. The note taking technique is done by recording on notes followed by the classification both of forms and contents. The contrastive analysis is used to compare English and Sekayuneseraboo and euphemism to obtain their similarities and differences. The data that has been collected is then analyzed,coded and categorized into themes so that the problems that are the topics in this study can be resolved.

Results

Based on the interview for the five informants and Written discourse completion task, the corpora were sometimes translated in politenese.

1. You are studying in your room and you hear loud music coming from a room down the hall. You don’t know the student who lives there, but you want to ask him/her to turn the music down.

What do you say? Diam. Ada ujian

2. You are talking to your friend after class. You missed the last class and you want to borrow

your friend’s notes. How do you ask for help in this case? Pinjambukunye. I miss my class

3.There is a family gathering on Sunday, but you’ll address your husband pejoratively.

What do you say? Laki/bini. Husband/suami(in English)

Corpus /Corpora Derived From Dct And An Interview

You are driving in parking lot and want to park your car and you see the sign in utterance 1.

(1).Maafparkirpenuh.

In this context , utterance no 1 implied that there is no space for parking. And it means as information and also functions as a warning.

You are in the gas station and want to fill your car tank and you were asked how much.

(2). Penuhkang

In this situation , utterance no 2 implied that you wanted your car tank filled fully. And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the Mall and want to buy something and you were asked who lost the car identity.

(3). Ndesape STNK mobilditemuke.

In this situation, utterance no 3 indicated that If you lost your car identity you can get here. And it means as a information and also functions as a request. You are in the book store and want to buy some books and you were requested to buy the book promoted.

(4). Bukualap dan rengkeh.

In this situation , utterance no 4 indicated that you were requested to buy the book

And it means as a piece of information and also functions as a request.

You are in the process of repairing your motorcycle

and want to repair it and you were suggested to change the spare part continuously.

(5). Pelihare dan ganti spare part terusmenerus.

In this situation , utterance no 5 indicated that you were requested to change the sparepart again and again. And it means as an information and also functions as a request. You are in the Mall and want to buy something and you were asked who lost the car identity.

(6). Janganbekedaidipinggir Jalan.

In this situation, utterance no 6 indicated that you were requested to buy the book And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the tv promotion program and see the program and you were requested to buy segar sari.

(7). Aus .Minum segar sari

In this situation , utterance no 7 indicated that you were requested to buy the segar sari drink. And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the process of seeing the tv program and look for entertainment and you were asked to see the program again and again.

(8). Nontonterus di empat mate.

In this situation , utterance no 8 indicated that you were requested to see the program continuously. And it means as an information and also functions as a request.

You are in the tv program and want to watch it,and you were asked to clap hands for welcoming the singer.

(9). Tepuktangankudai

In this situation, utterance no 9 indicated that you were requested to clap hands And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the tv film program and want to see the film and you were asked to see the film.

(10). Ade filamalap

In this situation , utterance no 4 indicated that you were requested to buy the book

And it means as an information and also functions as a request.

You are in the kitchen and want to settle something and you were asked to clean the the floor.

(11). dasar” kulat.

In this situation, utterance no 11 indicated that you were requested to clean the floor

And it means as an information and also functions as a request.

You are in the your closed friend’house and you were asked to buy the delicious bakso.

(12). Baksonyo lemak nia.

In this situation , utterance no 12 indicated that you were requested to buy the delicious bakso And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the cigarette store and want to buy cigarettes and you were asked to cigarrettes of gudang garam.

(13). Gudang garam abang :buktikanabangnye.

In this situation, utterance no 13 indicated that you were requested to buy the gudanggaramk And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the Mall and want to buy something and you were asked who lost the car identity.

(14). Pilihmutuilok.

In this situation, utterance no 14 indicated that you were requested to buy the very good car And it means as a piece of information and also functions as a request.

You are in the celluler phone store and want to buy the brand of indosat and you were to use indosat.

(15). MakenyepakaiIndosat.

In this situation , utterance no 15 indicated that you were requested to buy the indosat

And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the living room and want to read something and you were asked to read the sripo newspaper.

(16). Sukarcariinformasi :bacekoranSripo

In this situation , utterance no 16 indicated that you were requested to read the newspaper

And it means as an information and also functions as a request.

You are in the drugstore and want to buy medicine and you were asked to buy Neozep for flu .

(17). Salemejanganlupe .Neozepporte

In this situation, utterance no17 indicated that you were requested to buy the Neozep And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the Mall and want to drink something and you were asked to drink Nescape.

(18). Ayo ngupikudaiNescape

In this situation, utterance no 18 indicated that you were requested to drink the Nescape

And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the Mall and want to buy something and you were asked to drink kratingdaeng.

(19). Isinyemanfaatedek main-main :kratingdaeng

In this situation, utterance no 4 indicated that you were requested to drink kratingdaeng

And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the house and want to sleep and you were asked to sleep well.

(20). Tiduklah.

In this situation , utterance no 20 indicated that you were requested to sleep well

And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the photo studio and want to have a photo and you were asked to have a picture once again.

(21). Sutekagi :photostudio

In this situation , utterance no 21 indicated that you were requested to have a picture once again And it means as an information and also functions as a request.

You are in the wall of your house and want to touch something in the wall, and you were asked not to touch the wall.

(22).Jangannyandardidindingbasahtitu.

In this situation, utterance no 22 indicated that you were requested not to touch the wall

And it means as an information and also functions as a request.

You are in the clean location and want to throw something and you were asked not to throw something.

(23). Jagekebersihanlokasi.

In this situation , utterance no 23 indicated that you were requested to keep clean the location. And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the restroom and want to use it and you asked someone to go out soon.

(24). Sapedidalam .adejeme.

In this situation , utterance no 24 indicated that you were requested to go out soon from the restroom And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the office and want to warn people to have a break soon

and you were asked to have a break session.

(25). Balekkudaihabiswaktu

In this situation , utterance no 25 indicated that you were requested to go home And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the night and want to go out for a long time and you were asked to go home early.

26. Janganngibalmalamademaksumai.

In this situation , utterance no 26 indicated that you were requested not to go out late at night.

And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the clean Mall and want to throw something and you were asked not to throw something as you like.

(27)Jangancapakkaparandibelakang,

In this situation, utterance no 27 indicated that you were requested not to throw rubbish as you like, And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the Mall and want to buy something and you were asked who lost the car identity.

(28). Majeulah

In this situation, utterance no 28 indicated that you were requested to eat now And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the house and want to have a massage and you were asked not to have massage asides from legs..

(29). Ketingudembanci

In this situation, utterance no 29 indicated that you were requested to have a massage in other parts of body And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the Mall and want to buy a bicycle and you were asked to buy another bicycle

(30). Keritekulat.

In this situation , utterance no 30 indicated that you were requested to buy another bicycle And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the bank of the river and want to throw garbage in the river and you were asked not to throw something in the river.

(31). Jangancapakkaparan di sungai.

In this situation , utterance no 31 indicated that you were requested not to throw the rubbish near the river And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are on the road turn and want to drive your car and you were asked to drive very carefully.

(32). AwaslikutajamIndikat

In this situation , utterance no 32 indicated that you were requested to buy the book

And it means as an information and also functions as a suggestion.

You are in the road and want to drive a car and you were asked to drive slowly.

(33).Awasjanganngebut.

In this situation, utterance no 33 indicated that you were requested to drive carefully And it means as a piece of information and also functions as an expectation..

You are in the school ground and want to pick your sister and you were asked to drive slowly.

(34).Lambat-lambatbanyakanak

In this situation , utterance no 34 indicated that you were requested to drive slowly. And it means as an information and also function as a warning.

You are in the car and want to drive in a good manner and you were asked to use safety belt.

In this situation, utterance no 35 indicated that you were requested to use the safety belt.

And it means as an information and also function as an order.

You are in the street and want to drive fast and you were asked to drive slowly.

(36).Besenaiadepekerjaan di jalan

In this situation, utterance no 36 indicated that you were requested to drive slowly

And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the house and want to take a walk and you were asked to take awalk after 4 o.clock.who lost the car identity.

(37).Kalu ndakngibalngguk jam 4.

In this situation , utterance no 37 indicated that you were requested to take a walk after 4 o; clock. And it means as information and also functions as a request.

You are in the office and want to have a social distacing and you were asked to keep the distance.

(38).Jauhicovid 19

In this situation , utterance no 38 indicated that you were requested to keep a dist

And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are on the road and want to drive fast and you were asked not to drive fast.

(39). Awasjerambah.

In this situation, utterance no 39 indicated that you were requested to drive slowly

And it means as information and also functions as a request.

You are in the Mall and want to buy something and you were asked who lost the car identity.

(40). Jangandigunakah lift titu

In this situation, utterance no 40 indicated that you were requested to use manual stairs, And it means as an information and also functions as a request.

You are in the restaurant and want to add soya in our food and you were asked to add more.

(41). Ade kecap. In this situation , utterance no 41 indicated that you were requested to add more and it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in therestaurant and want to add salt and you were asked to add more salt.

(42). Ade garam

In this situation, utterance no 42 indicated that you were requested to add more salt

And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the restaurant and want to add more pepper and you were asked to add more pepper.

(43),Ade sahang

In this situation, utterance no 43 indicated that you were requested to add more pepper And it means as an information and also functions as a request.

You are in the restaurant and want to add something and you were asked to all as you like.

(44).Ade gale-gale

In this situation , utterance no 4 indicated that you were requested to add all And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the the restaurant and want to have a spoon and you were asked to have a spoon.

(45). Ade sidu

In this situation, utterance no 4 indicated that you were requested to have a spoon And it means as a piece of information and also functions as a request.

You are in the the restaurant and want to have a fork and you were asked to have a fork.

(46).adegarpu

In this situation, utterance no 46 indicated that you were requested to have a fork And it means as a piece of information and also functions as a request.

You are in the hospital and want to cure and you were asked to cure.

(47).Keting se belahklananndesakit

In this situation , utterance no 47 indicated that you were requested to cure the right legs And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.

You are in the hospital and want to cure covid and you were asked to cure covid 19.

(48). Enjukkahobatcovid 19

In this situation, utterance no 48 indicated that you were requested to have a medicine for covid And it means as a piece of information and also functions as a request.

You are in the Mall and want to buy something and you were asked to bargain something.

(50). NganyangAii

In this situation , utterance no 50 indicated that you were requested to buy the book

And it means as a piece of information and also functions as a request.

You are in the drugstore and want to buy stomachache and you were asked wtocure..

(51).Ade obatkebelakang.

In this situation, utterance no 51 indicated that you were requested to have a medicine And it means as an information and also function as a request.

You are in the Mall and want to buy something and you were asked not to throw something as you like.

(52).Dilarang,buangsampahdan,puntungrokoksembarangan.

In this situation , utterance no 52 indicated that you were requested to throw rubbish as you like And it means as a piece of information and also function as a request.It is prohibited to throw garbage and cigarette but in any place you feel like it’

Conclusion

Because of the growing cross-cultural communication, intercultural communicative competence seems necessary nowadays. In this regard, all sides of an interaction should improve this competence. One aspect of this competence is to preserve the face of each other.To this aim, speakers seek to alleviate the FTAs to their own face and the hearer's face in the communication process. In this regard, politeness, a salient element in every culture, is a determining factor. Politeness is a culture-bound phenomenon, which means that a particular behavior or utterance which is polite in one culture might be impolite in another culture. Because of this feature, communicative failure may appear, if the participants do not employ the appropriate polite forms which are proper for a specific culture. Generally, the importance of politeness lies in the avoidance of the FTAs.

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