Abstract

The study demystified the places in Cebu named after an endemic flora. To answer the main problem, the following objectives were raised: (1) determine the clusters of flora used in the naming of places in Cebu, (2) identify the reasons why the barangays, towns, and cities are named after a specific flora; (3) describe the local stories of the communities as regards to the naming of places, (4) ascertain the local government intervention to promote the identity awareness of their places, and (5) design indigenized teaching models for instruction. This qualitative study used a hermeneutics analysis design, which focuses on interpreting the data gathered from the various key informants. The interview guide was used. Responses were transcribed, clustered, and analyzed. Places in Cebu named after endemic flora contained valuable insights regarding time and place in the past; it served an emblem of identity. The abundance of a certain species in the environment, language variation, miscommunication, colonization and the similarity of the colonizers’ place of origin were the factors in the naming of places. Government action and implementation are great advantages in the preservation of place-names. A vibrant way to preserve it in the classroom setting is contextualizing these endemic floras through indigenized NBC teaching models: Narra, Balili, and Cogon created a unique repertoire of teaching and its stories ignited students’ interest in learning and nuanced familiarity in the preservation of the community’s identity and pride of place.

1. Introductıon

The world constitutes hundreds of thousand places along with different place names with various changes. In China, where the Yangtze River is also named as the “Chang Jiang” or “long river” serves as a transportation passageway, which covers one-fifth of China’s land. In India, the city of Visakhapatnam is named by the Andhra dynasty King, in honor of the Lord Visakeswara. One of Myanmar’s tourist spots, MahaBandula Park is named in honor of the great ruler “GeneralMahaBandula.” In a more diversified country, the islands of the Philippines haveno exemption on place names in different factors. The country is composed of 7,107 islands in a category of three major groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao that covers17 political regions as a whole. One of these 17 regions in Central Visayas, numerically referred to as Region VII, which consists of four provinces: Cebu, Siquijor, Bohol, and Negros Oriental. Cebu City is its regional center. Originally, Cebu is derived on the old Cebuano word Zubu based on Antonio Pigafetta’s account or Sibu, a shortened term for “sinibuyanghingpit,” which mean “the place for trading.” Hence before, Cebu or Sugbo, its ancient name, was a place of exchange. And now, Cebu is considered being a highly urbanized city in Central Visayas. It comprises of eighty barangays, thirty-six municipalities, and eight cities. Having this wide scope of places in Cebu, this corresponds also to a wider concern regarding the origin of place names. The naming of places is associated with different explanations; which, moreover, it is affiliated with special interest and behavior of individuals to their environment; even with some botanical features;abundant in the place and more likely with some personages, practices or activities they use to do. There are also tales, myths, legends, and stories that determine how place names originate. Orally,there are many speculations about where such places really get its name and how these place namesare passed on from one generation to another.People have this higher curiosity as regards to place names. There is an intrigue and interesting feeling in a name being asked that whoever hears it connotes wonder. The cultural insights of a community can be acquired by asking the place names. Some would often think that the name of a place comes into existence due to how it is viewed in the past. The name of a place, in the present time, reflects on what kind of Filipino communities have, during their olden days. The community that they move into is a part of the natural environment they live in. This natural environment has physical and social factors, which are external to the individual. And one of the very influential factors of the environment is its physical aspect, which includes geographic phenomena like climate, mountains, hills and the most common are the available flora that surrounds them and help form and name a certain place. The endemic flora is one of the most abundant natural species, which people find significant in their socio-economic life. And this shows how the name of a place is formed by their social contact in the environment. This nuance how the Cebuano ancestors take pride in their environment, which resulted in the naming of places. This study affirms that people name their places not just because of their way of living; but it has something to do with the available resources they experience in the natural environment like colonization; language variation; and miscommunication of the people. The result of this study is intended to make the Cebuano be aware of how and where the names of their places come from and ascertain that everything that surrounds them must be given importance. They are expected to utilize the different information and stories as an instrument rekindling certain pride of place, protection,promotion, and preservation of the environment and enhancing the quality of education as regards the improvement of the teaching-learning process.To have an innovative curriculum is the other concern of this study, which helps teachers to improve their teaching techniques and abilities since they can use various stories behind the naming of places that interest learning. This can also help the learners develop critical and divergent thinking; and sensitivity to different environmental issues.

1.1 Review of Related Literature

Origin of Place Names

The transmission of stories from one generation to the next generation becomes a tradition for the preservation of culture. Ancestors in different places do not have a formal education; yet it does not deny the fact, they shape the destiny of the present generation. The origin of place names is derived from the knowledge of everything, people find significant. And the daily norm back then is to survive to the constantly changing environment. Society is the product of everyday interaction of individuals on patterns that focus on specific things (Peralta, 2000). And human ideas shape society (Weber, 1979). These ideas are gained through experiences. The everyday encounters of people create reality (Pertierra, 1988). That is why the place-name changes over a period of time because it depends on people either to retain or create a new one that achieves what is essential. The attached meaning behind it is a significant factor to the people. A settlement does not exist unless it has a name, and what a community chooses to call a certain place is a reflection of that community's values, attitudes, and prejudices (Isles, 2014). The naming of places symbolizes the connection between humans and their surroundings which proves that everything in nature greatly affects the way of life, adaptation and community foundation to ensure human survival. For a cultural ecologist, "culture is an adaptive mechanism, and that those customs that improve a society's ability to adapt its environment are the ones that are most likely to survive.” The interaction of both culture and biology is included in the description of a single adaptive system (Vayda & Rapapport, 1968). With that, the places, as well as its names, are the product of cultural adaptabilities of our ancestors in the past. Since culture is considered to be a part of a larger system that involves the natural environment and its interaction with humans.

Interaction of Man to the Environment

Before the colonization, according to most of the accounts, people in the Philippines depend on their environment. The primary source of living or survival is hunting and gathering. When people learn to settle, they develop the farming method. “As time goes by, the normal course of intelligent functioning in the everyday world entails adaptation to the environment; when the environment does not fit once values, aptitudes or interests, one may attempt to shape the environment so as to achieve a better person-environment fit; when shaping fails, an attempt maybe made to select a new environment that provides a better fit” (Stenberg, 1985). Back then, there are nomads finding a settlement, one of these are those who migrate to the Philippines and settle than with their familiarity to their old place and thus connect it to the naming of their new found place because it is somewhat alike.

Establishing Identity

Cebu is an urban place before; she has been able to produce wheat, rice, and other crops. Daily staple includes dry crops likemillet and corn(Jesus, 1982). Due to deforestation and subsequent erosion over the years, it brings damage to the island making it unsuitable anymore for agriculture (Jesus, 1982). Back then, Cebu is abundant of trees and lush vegetation. Later, trees are cut down to build,villages.establishments, factories and for wider road construction. Rapid commercialization of agriculture has a great impact on the provincial land tenure system. Changes brought by the globalization vanish possible trace of the ancestral names of a placeThe place-name is an important thing at present. Just as social change can bring about sociological thinking, the latter can also bring about change (Fowler, 2005). People tend to focus on what is available, visible and tangible that may lead them to create what they think is suitably known to everyone. “Culture does not make people; people make culture” (Adichie, 2013). The more commonality the people may have shared and agreed upon, the more they have close interaction between one another; and that commonality serves their identity because that is where they base everything on what practicein life.

Social Interaction

The Cebuano ancestors who descended from the Malay race, upon migration, they use the balangay[boat], which means sea vessels. Balangayis later translated into the word barangay but the term is not anymore considered as sea vessel instead it becomes a political structure and social influence of a datu [village chieftain] (Zaide, 1988). Long ago, a datu is considered the highestranked individual in the society and that every word of him has absolute authority over the people under his dominion. Thus, a barangay before is considered territorial with a symbolic identification of a specific location or place (Amoroso, 2005). Later, the success of Spanish colonization in the Philippines gives way for the establishment of Spanish structure of government and adopts a barangay to be a part of thepueblos [towns and municipalities] in later years (Constantino, 1975). Making the barangay centralized under the control of the gobernadorcilloknown today as governor (Amoroso, 2005). The expansion of powers of the barangays makes its role as one of the most important sectors of the local government unit (Zaide, 1999).According to Symbolic Interaction Theory, people's actions are based on the meanings they attribute to things, and these meanings emerge through social interactions (Blumer, 1990). Eloquently, the place-names arise due to the direct interaction between humans and the natural environment. People can create, maintain and modify interpretations during their everyday activities, which affect and influence the present time.From time to time, meanings may change because social interaction and personal expression can convey different behaviors and intentions. Thus, in every interpretation carries the human contexts andexperiences (Denzin, 1983) viewing reality as the product of individual consciousness, creativity, and construction (Strati, 1995; Turner, 1992). Moreover, the behavior of every individual is determined by his or her social position in the environment and that behavior towards the environment helps them to conceptualize the place-name where they belong and give prestige to it.

1.2 Objective of the Study

The study demystified the places in Cebu named after an endemic flora.To answer the main problem, the following objectives were raised: (1) determine the clusters of flora used in the naming of places in Cebu, (2) identify the reasons why the barangays, towns, and cities are named after a specific flora; (3) describe the local stories of the communities as regards to the naming of places, (4) ascertain the local government intervention to promote the identity awareness of their places, and (5) design indigenized teaching models that improve instruction.

2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 Research Design

This qualitative study used a hermeneutics analysis design, which focuses on interpreting the data gathered from the various key informants of the selected towns, municipalities, and barangays. The hermeneutic approach is used to explore and analyze the lifeof people from collecting pieces of information (Montesperelli, 1998). The interview guide was used for the key informants in imparting their prior knowledge about the origin of their place means of stories, myths, and legends they already know. After the interview, interview transcripts were clustered and analyzed.

2.2 Research Key Informants

The research key informants of this study were the city, municipality, and barangay officials, and the elderly residents, with age brackets of 60 years old and above. They were selected to have a deeper knowledge concerning the origin of their place-names. For the barangay officials, they ascertained the historical background of their places and their origin. And for the elderly residents, they were familiar with different myths, legends, and stories of their place names.

2.3 Research Instrument

The study used an interview guide to lead the key informants’ sharing of discourses on the history and name of their places. The study also included follow-up questions, voice recorder, and photos for data documentation.

2.4 Research Environment

The study was conducted in Cebu Province and in the selected barangays in Cebu City. There were 11selected places named after a specific flora; these were visited to gather information on place-names. Twomunicipalities/cities in the northern part of Cebu (Catmon, Bogo City), four municipalities/cities in the southern part of Cebu (Talisay City, Naga City, Carcar City, Barili) and 4 barangays in Metro Cebu (Mabolo, Kamagayan, Kasambagan, and Cogon), and one sitio (Kalubihan).

2.5 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The key informants in the study were selected based on these criteria: lumad, [an old resident in the area], with the minimum age of 60 years old; current reigning government officials in the aforementioned villages. Awareness of the transition of place-names on these people is reliable and valid for the development of the study.New residence aging below 60 years old and former government officials were excluded in the study. Utmost dependability and trustworthiness of information were observed in the study.

2.6 Ethical Consideration

Before the personal interview, permission to conduct was distributed to the officials of barangays, municipalities, and cities. The letter of permission includes the statement of reason to conduct the interview and assures the use of information that protects the anonymity of the research participants. Their names were held confidentially. Credits and tokens were given to the hospitable them an appreciation of the valuable time

and information afforded in the study.

3. Results And Dıscussıon

3.1 Cebu’s Significant Flora

A. The Landscape and Local Stories of Talisay City

The City of Talisay is derived from the Magtalisay tree [Terminalia Catappa]. This tree provides shades to the fishermen and fish traders after a fishing expedition. Once ripened, its fruits provide basic foods for the birds. Talisay City is one of the income class component cities in Cebu Province. The commercial district takes place in Tabunokwhere several public markets, malls and commercial establishments are located. Being the gateway of Cebu City, Talisay City influences the urbanization landscape. Before the city’s establishment, which is derived its name from a Magtalisaytree. Since the place was situated near the seaside, so there is an abundance of Magtalisay tree. The abundance of Magtalisay growing in the area, the residents named the place Talisayafter it. The tree grows in the hotter part of the tropics with water and soil in the shorelines of the maritime islands of the Philippines. The nature of the tree matches the physical components of the area.

The City of Naga is derived from the Narra tree [PterocarpusIndicus]. Narra woods are a potential material for building houses and for making pieces of furniture. One of the finest dining and receiving pieces of furniture during the Spanish times is made of this hardwood. Today, this hardwood collection is expensive because of its durability and exquisiteness. Most of these houses declared non-movable heritage pieces of this furniture are now kept as part of the museum collection. Naga is one of the premier cities in Cebu. Naga derives its name from a big tough tree called Narra. Before the city’s establishment, the Narra tree is abundantly growing in the area. Narra tree can still be seen in the place but in small number since

Naga is moving toward

preferment where more houses, buildings or establishment are constructed.

C. The Landscape and Local Stories of Bogo City :

One of the newest cities in the northern part of Cebu is Bogo City. The name of the city is derived from a Bogo tree [Garuga floribunda Decne], which serves as one of the landmarks of the city. Bogo is a potential source of medicine because of its curative elements. This also gives shade for resting, while waiting for traders from the other islands to dock their sailboats to trade with the villagers.Bogo tree is used as a trademark for trade and commerce. Before, Bogo tree stood along the shore where inhabitants exchanged goods to be sold or bartered (KI-4). It is the passageway of other municipalities before and until now. In the outskirt, the landscape of the city is surrounded by immense sugarcane and coconut plantations. The Bogo tree for a long time becomes the identity for everyone in the community. Today, there is no plan made by the local government in changing its name because it is already an established city.

D. The Landscape and Local Stories of Town of Catmon

Katmon tree is planted near the municipality

hall and the public market.

E. The Landscape and Local Stories of SitioKalubihan

Coconut palms are species abounding in the tropics. With this, almost all islands in the Philippines have abundant palms; these are locally known as “lubi.” One of thesitio in Barangay Talamban, Cebu City, where the nam

e “lubi” is derived is Kalubihan. The abundance of “lubi” or coconut [Cocos Nucifera]; the presence of several coconuts makes the place to be called kalubihan. The leaves of this palm can be used as roofing in a typical hut, chicken nest, and rice pouches. Its fruit and water can be used as food to satisfy people’s gastronomic needs; its lumber can be used in the construction of buildings. SitioKalubihanis a crowded area and is named before World War I up until World War II. Rich people begin to build buildings and allow their land rented or sold to those who wanted it for business.The entire area was covered by a lot of coconuts before, but due to modernization and the city's speedy accumulation of lands; a lot of business establishments were constructed.

F. The Landscape and Local Stories of Barangay Sambag :

G. The Landscape and Local Stories of Barangay Mabolo

H. The Landscape And Local Stories Of Carcar :

There are many interesting stories behind the naming of Carcar that can be traced during and after the colonial period. Before Carcar finally got its official name, many changes happened to its previous name due to the different events back then. The first settlement of the people was called Sialo. It was a town before in which at the present is the Barangay Valladolid now. The settlement was located at the riverbank. During that period there were many Chinese traders who frequently visited the place just to trade with the natives. In the exchange of goods, the natives would always tell the Chinese traders,dili mi kay wala mi kwarta and the Chinese would say,Sialodakobalaywalakwalta. That's the reason why the place was called Sialo. Second, the place was also named before as Muwag. Many Moro marauders attacked the place causing the villagers to transfer from different placesparticularly in upland areas. Muwag is from the wordbuwag meansbranching out. It is what the villagers are doing when the Moro marauders come. Muwag is still visible at the present observing the

two ways in Carcar; the other way to Barili (west) and the other way to Sibonga (South).The third is when the new settlement was established and Muwag was changed into Kabkad[DrynariaQuercifolia]. Kabkad is from the word Kabkaban, a kind of fern which is abundantly grown in the place.Kabkad was again changed into Carcar. It so happened when a Spanish priest came into the place. As he was doing his missionary work, he changed the name of the place into Carcar in honor of his hometown in Spain.

The origin of the town of Barilicomes from the local grass called Balili[PanicumStagninum Retz]. There is a farcical story that entails the misunderstanding between the natives and the Spaniards who at that time is asking the name of the place. The native thought that the Spaniards was asking the name of the

plant which he was touching at that time since Baliligrass was very visibly growing in the place. So, the native said the name of the grass instead. The grass is a source of food for domesticated herds as farm animals.

Barangay Cogon is named after a cogon grass [ImperataCylindrica] that flourished in the area along time ago. Cogon grass is used as food for the animals and some would agree that it could serve as their landmark. It is near the coastal area and the livelihood of the people back then up until now is fishing. No traces of cogon grass have been left in the area due to a lot of house construction.

The Landscape And Local Stories Of Barangay Kamagayan :

3.2. Reasons For Places Named After A Specific Flora

3.2.1 Language As A Barrier :

The answers to the key informants point out that the language barrier leads to the naming of a place because of the inability of the natives to understand the words and mispronunciations of colonizers.

“Naga is from the tree called Narra. Katongmga Spaniards before kay dili man kalitokug R that's why nahugnasiyang Naga,” KI-1. “Kato lagikunongpag sabot satawongapangutanaCatmon man kay kahoyla geanggistambayansatawo kay walaman kasabotpagpangutanaunsanglugaramahitungod man silasaCatmon tree abirasa nag labananangutanaunsangkahoyamao to Catmonangnatubagmaona gi nganlan kinig Catmon,” KI-3.

Though language serves as means of communication by expressing one’s thoughts, words, and ideas but because of the variety of languages spoken it can be a hindrance for a single interpretation for it varies in meaning from one language to another language.

3.2 Abundance Unveils Identity :

Most of the narratives of key informants in naming their places are the presence of the flora that is visibly located and observed in the area.

“ NganongnahinganlanugBalili kay daghanjudkaayongBalilisa Barili sauna perogipasagdanlangnasiya kay sagbotlage ,” KI-1. “ Tungod kay daghangpunuansaMagtalisaydiri sauna munangginganlanugTalisayninglugara ,” KI-1. “ Oomaona, kung unsay daghankaniadtoba usually mao nay pangalan, dililangsa among plaza daghangTalis aykundisatibuoklungsodjud,”KI-4.

Some species have played a significant contribution to the area but there are some that do not have but then as time passes by, the name of the place is derived on whatthemajorities of the area consider an identity of the place for a long period of time.

3.3 Place Names As An After-Effect Of Colonization

Responses of the key informants regarding the influences of colonizers validate that moving from one place to another carries out the familiarity of one's place or even naming the place in recognition to their mother colony, because of its significant events that happened during the colonial era as provided in the given narratives.

“ Since gyud , ang first settlement namo kay was in Barangay V a lladolid, the name of the barangay pa was Sialo actually town to siya sauna. Sialo ang tawag ato nga place; Sialo, Siaro or Haro. Di bamo trade man angmga Chinese ug wares, daplinnasiyagsapainig trad e muingon man ang mga locals na di mi kay wala mi kwarta so muingon sad ang mga Chinese, A hh sialo dako balay wala kwalta maonasiyanggitawagna Sialo,” KI-2 “ But when the Spanish priest came here, he change d Kabkad into Carcar in honor saiyang hometown sa Spain. So maonasiyadihani or iginate ang name sa among lugar,” KI-2 “

Though liberty is granted among the places the undeniable after-effects of the colonizers still prevails especially in tracing the transition of place names.

3.5 The Contextualized Teaching Strategy

Narra Teaching Model: Being one of the most durable woods in the Philippines, narra trees are commonly used for making offurniture.These pieces of furniture made of narra are very expensive; most these made in the past are stored in museums and some are collectors’ items in antique shops. Aside from the propagation of narra seedlings and the promotion of narra furniture-making in Cebu, the academy recognizes the possibility of contextualizing this cultural imprint in the classroom setting through the use of the Narra Model of Teaching as foreseen in Table 1.

Table 1 Visualized View of the Narra Model of Teaching

Balili Teaching Model: The balili grass has no value among the farmers because weeds affect the growth of crops; eventually these weeds are uprooted by the farmers all the time. However, in some vacant spaces were these weeds are abundantly growing; these become a potential food for the cattle like the water buffalos, cows, and oxen. The cultural significance of the balilicontributes to the healthy growing cattle that enhancefarmers’ soil tillage. As co-equal with the farmers, these cattle increase the yield of crop production for bountiful harvests. To remind the learners about the importance of the significance of the balili, a Balili Teaching Model is derived as visualized in Table 2.

Table 2 Visualized View of the Balili Model of Teaching :

Cogon Teaching Model:

Cogon grasses are abundant in tropical regions like most of the farmland regions in the Philippines. This grass is a potential resource for the construction of native huts in the rural areas or otherwise known as the balay-kubo. As potential materials in providing shelter for the Cebuanos before the Pre-colonial era, cogon symbolizes security, resiliency, and solidarity. As translated in the instructional context, the Cogon Teaching Model is derived and visualized in Table 3.

Table 3 Visualized View Of The Cogon Model Of Teaching

Upon creating various teaching strategies out of different name-place origin, the structuring level of instruction and the way of imparting knowledge to the learners establish an improvement. This can be used by the facilitator as a guide in implementing a clearer and more precise repertoire of

teaching. As for the learners, they will be more engagingin a medium of instruction which is not conventional but rather authentic and symbolic.

4. Local Government Interventions

The table showed that in terms of government intervention for the preservation of the names of the selected places in Cebu named after an endemic flora. A substantial number of local government units have efforts to give public awareness; while a considerable number also have shown no effort for awareness.

Table 4 Government Intervention For Preservation Of Place Names

Retaining the Origin of Place Name

Table 4 showed six places recognized and committed local government’s efforts to preserve place names. The several answers of the key informants verify that some of the places are retained and promoted the origin

of the name of their place with these testimonies:

“We have an ordinance nga mandating or instructing all schools to plant at least one Bogo tree. Well, preserving the name of the place is when we make our brochure. Include the little history about the Bogo tree and so far, there are uses of the Bogo tree but mostly medicinal,” KI-1 “Every year naajudtayKabkaban Festival, every year dependinasiyasa kung unsay theme,” KI-2 “They try to plant Narra trees. Kay everytimengasi Mayor nay kaslonngaanhasaiyang office, padad-an gayodnaniyagNarra. Na kinahanglannilangbuhionugitanom,” KI-1

Disregarding the Origin of Place Names :

As also indicated in Table 4, five of these places disregard the promotion of their place-names because of the nature of the endemic flora as grasses which can affect the growth of crops in the farm and the nature that some of these can harm the body because of pointed leaves and thorns. Many constraintsare stated why there are difficulties in preserving the origin of the names such as the unfamiliarity of the people on the value of this flora, the urbanization of the area: from agricultural farms to industrial landmarks, and lack of written documents recorded the naming of the place.

4. Conclusıon

Places in Cebu named after endemic flora contained valuable insights regarding time and place in the past; it served an emblem of identity. Place names caused a lot of factors; these included the abundance of a certain species in the environment, language variation, miscommunication, colonization and the similarity of thecolonizers’ place of origin. Government action and implementation are great advantages in the preservation of place-names. A vibrant way to preserve it in the classroom setting is contextualizing these endemic floras through innovative teaching models such as narra, balili, and cogon teaching models would create a unique repertoire of teaching and its stories could be used to ignite students’ interestin learning and create familiarity in the preservation of the community’s identity and pride of place.

5. Recommendatıon :

This study may recommend other barangays, municipalities, and cities to find the value of place names and find ways to preserve them. And in terms of curriculum innovation, the study may recommend for teachers to use and test the effectiveness of the utilization of the narra, ballili, and cogon teaching models; and to explore the possibilities to have the CATMON, BOGO, ARGAO, MABOLO Teaching Models and other models related to place names.

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